AI knowledge base · 784 pages
Who built what, and how it connects.
Models, labs, people, agent tooling, Claude skills and the tasks they are good for. Every fact links to its source; every page links to its neighbours. For the editorial concepts behind the field notes, see the knowledge graph.
Milestones by year
AI models 198
- ChatGPTartificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI
- Grokchatbot developed by SpaceXAI
- Claudelarge language model family developed by Anthropic
- Microsoft CopilotAI chatbot by Microsoft
- DALL-Eimage-generating deep-learning model
- Geminifamily of large language models (LLMs) by Google DeepMind
- Stable Diffusionimage-generating machine learning model
- Qwenartificial intelligence chatbot developed by Alibaba Cloud
- LLaMAlarge language model by Meta AI
- SASstatistical software
- LaMDAfamily of large language models
- bidirectional encoder representations from transformersdeep learning artificial neural network language model
- PaLMlarge language model developed by Google
- AutoGPTautonomous AI agent
- Claude Mythoslarge language model by Anthropic
- OpenAI Codexcode-generating large language model developed by OpenAI
- Adobe Fireflyimage-generating machine learning model
- GPT-4.5large language model released as GPT-4.5 Preview by OpenAI
- Galaxy AIAI feature suite developed by Samsung for Galaxy devices
- GPT-1original pretrained GPT language model released by OpenAI in 2018
- OpenAI o12024 AI model from OpenAI
- Gemmafamily of large language models by Google
- GPT-Jartificial intelligence language model developed by EleutherAI
- OpenAI o3large language model developed by OpenAI
- Imagenimage synthesis with artificial intelligence
- Udiogenerative text-to-music model
- OpenAI o4-minireasoning language model
- BLOOMOpen-access multilingual language model
- Fluxsuite of text-to-image models
- GPT-6 Astralarge language model in OpenAI's GPT-6 family
- GigaChatRussian AI chatbot
- YandexGPTartificial intelligence chatbot developed by Yandex
- Muse Sparkartificial intelligence model developed by Meta
- DBRXopen-sourced large language model
- Open Assistantopen-source artificial intelligence chatbot by LAION
- StyleGANgenerative adversarial network introduced by Nvidia researchers in December 2018
- IBM Granite2023 text-generating language model
- Chinchilla AIlanguage model by DeepMind
- VideoPoetlarge language model to create videos
- MinervaItalian advanced language model developed by the Sapienza NLP research group at Sapienza University of Rome
- Devinartificial intelligence model focused on software engineering developed by Cognition Labs
- Apertusmultilingual, open-source chatbot developed by Swiss AI
- NovelAIonline cloud-based, SaaS model, paid subscription service for machine learning and image synthesis
- Huawei PanGularge language model developed by Huawei
- Xiaomi MiMoLarge language model developed by Xiaomi
- Kling AIgenerative AI tool for image and video creation offering artistic and commercial applications
- GPT4-Chanartificial Intelligence
- T5series of large language models
- DeepSeek-R1large language model
- Jaisopen-source large language model
- Vicuna LLMomnibus large language model
- Amália (LLM)Portuguese large language model
- Recrafttext-to-image model
- Windows Copilotpersonal assistant for the Windows desktop
- gpt-ossset of open-weight reasoning models released by OpenAI
- GPT-5.3-Codexlarge language model in OpenAI's GPT-5 family
- Tencent Hyfamily of large language models developed by the Chinese technology company Tencent
- BielikPolish open source large language model
- Craiyontext-to-image AI
- Perplexitychatbot search engine
- Dolaartificial intelligence chatbot developed by ByteDance
- Soofi S
- DeepSeek-V4.1large language model developed by DeepSeek
- GPT-SW3transformer-based language model
- Claude Sonnet 4large language model
- Claude Opus 4large language model
- MolmoFamily of language models by Allen Institute for AI
- ILMUchat
- Sellmalarge language model
- Trustworthy AI Dialog Engine
- Latxa
- DeepSeek-V3large language model
- PLLuMfamily of open large language models
- Jambalarge language model
- ALLaMArabic Large Language Model developed by SDAIA
- Vikinglarge language model specializing in Nordic languages developed by Silo AI and University of Turku
- ChatGPT agent2025 large language model by OpenAI
- cotomiLLM from NEC
- DeppGPT
- PanGu-Σ
- Nexus AIall-in-one artificial intelligence platform
- StatMuseAmerican sports statistics website
- RFdiffusionsoftware
- GPT-6 Lunalarge language model in OpenAI's GPT-6 family
- GPT-6 Sollarge language model in OpenAI's GPT-6 family
- Claude Sonnet 5.5large language model
- Claude Haiku 5.5large language model
- Seed2.1
- Nano Banana 2.1
- Vicuñainstruction model fine-tuned from LLama on ShareGPT
- Llama 2large language model
- Llama 4 Mavericklarge language model by Meta
- Gemini 3 Flashlarge language model
- Claude Sonnet 4.6large language model
- Gemini 3.1 Flash-Litelarge language model
- Nano Banana 2large language model
- DeepZangTibetan large language model
- Claude Mythos PreviewNon-public LLM for cybersecurity made by Anthropic
- Gemini 3.5 Flashlarge language model
- Gemini 3.6 Flashlarge language model
- Gemini 3.5 Flash-Litelarge language model
- Hathr.AIHIPAA Compliant Artificial Intelligence (AI) company that provides a generative AI assistant as well as enterprise AI tool automations for healthcare, government, RCM, Quality Assurance, medical coding and billing, and other workflows.
- SILMA-9B-DarijaOpen-source Moroccan Arabic language model fine-tuned on Gemma
- Claude Sonnet 5large language model
- Gemini 3.8 Flashlarge language model
- Gemini 3.7 Flashlarge language model
- Mammouth.aiAI workflow dashboard
- Ferretlarge language model developed by Apple
- Titan Text Expresslarge language model developed by Amazon
- Claudelarge language model by Anthropic
- Gemini Ultralarge language model developed by Google
- Gemini Prolarge language model developed by Google
- Gemini Nanolarge language model developed by Google
- Gemini 1.5 Prolarge language model developed by Google
- Med-PaLMversion of PaLM artificial intelligence model
- Amazon CodeWhisperercode generation AI model developed by Amazon
- Claude 3 Opusmultimodal large language model
- MM1multimodal AI Model from Apple
- Llama 3large language model
- OpenELMfamily of large-language models developed by Apple
- GPT-4o minismall multimodal large language model in OpenAI's GPT-4o family
- Llama 3.1large language model
- Amazon Titanfoundational model family
- Gemini 2.0 Flashmultimodal foundational model developed by Google
- Llama 3.3 70B Instructtransformer large language model by Meta
- Llama 3.3collection of large language models by Meta
- Llama 3.2collection of large language models by Meta
- Llama 3.2 1Blarge language model by Meta
- Meta Llama 2 Chatlarge language models by Meta
- Claude 3.7 Sonnetmultimodal large language model
- OpenAI o3-minilarge language model developed by OpenAI
- GPT-4.1 minilarge language model in OpenAI's GPT-4.1 family
- OpenAI o1-minireasoning language model
- BellGPTAI assistant developed by Bell for real-time infrastructure optimization, dynamic pricing, and AI-powered energy and mobility operations
- Claude 3large language model family
- Claude 4large language model family
- Claude Opus 4.1large language model
- Humain ChatArabic artificial intelligence chatbot developed by Humain
- Llama 4large language model family by Meta
- Llama 4 Scout Instructlarge language model by Meta
- Llama 4 Scout Instruct Originallarge language model by Meta
- GLM-4.7large multimodal language model focused on reasoning, coding, and multilingual understanding with open weights
- GLM-5large multimodal language model with open weights and >700B parameters designed for long-running agentic tasks
- MiniMax M2.5large mixture-of-experts language model optimized for coding, agents, and long-context reasoning
- GLM-5.2large language model
- Minimax M2.7large mixture-of-experts language model optimized for coding, agents, and long-context reasoning
- Minimax M3large multi-modal mixture-of-experts language model optimized for coding, agents, and long-context reasoning
- GPT-4Vvision-enabled large language model in OpenAI's GPT-4 family
- ChatExtractLarge Language Model
- LabadainArtificial intelligence for the Tetun language
- Amazon Nova Microlarge language model
- Amazon Nova Litelarge multimodal model
- Amazon Nova Prolarge multimodal model
- Gemini 2.0foundational model family developed by Google
- Gemini 2.0 Flash Experimental
- DeepSeek V2large language model
- Claude 3 Haikumultimodal large language model
- Claude 3 Sonnetmultimodal large language model
- Mistral 7Blarge language model developed by Mistral AI
- ChaosGPTlarge language model based on the GPT models
- Mixtral 8x7Blarge language model developed by Mistral AI
- Mixtral 8x22Blarge language model developed by Mistral AI
- Claude 3.5 Sonnetmultimodal large language model
- Amazon Titan Text Premierlarge language model developed by Amazon
- Jenni AIartificial intelligence academic writer
- GPT-4.1 nanolarge language model in OpenAI's GPT-4.1 family
- Gemini 2.5 Prolarge language model
- custom GPTa domain-specific or task-specific version of OpenAI's Generative Pre-trained Transformer model customized through prompt engineering or fine-tuning
- Claude Instantlarge language model
- Gemini 2.5 Flashlarge language model
- GPT-5 minilarge language model in OpenAI's GPT-5 family
- GPT-5 nanolarge language model in OpenAI's GPT-5 family
- Gemini 2.5 Flash-Litelarge language model
- Claude Sonnet 4.5large language model
- Claude Haiku 4.5large language model
- Gemini 3AI model by Google
- AnuNekoA large language model chat platform by Anuttacon
- Llama 4 Scoutlarge language model by Meta
- Llama 4 Scout Originallarge language model by Meta
- QAnswerquestion answering system for enterprise data
- T5deep learning Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer
- BloombergGPTlarge language model trained by Bloomberg
- mT5multiligual Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer
- AlexaTMmultilingual large language model
- flan-ul2an encoder decoder model based on the T5 architecture. It uses the same configuration as the UL2 model released earlier last year. It was fine tuned using the "Flan" prompt tuning and dataset collection
- DollyDatabricks' Dolly, a large language model trained on the Databricks Machine Learning Platform
- PaLM 2large language model
- Llama 1large language model
- Lexica
- Mickey-1928 AIimage-generating machine learning model based on the 1928 cartoon Steamboat Willie
- YandexART
- Lumina-mGPT 2.0
- CycleGAN
- PixAIAnime-focused AI image generation platform developed and operated by Mewtant Inc.; not related to the French company PixAI
- LoopitMobile app for creating mini-games and interactive content from natural language prompts using AI
- ZSky AIfree AI image and video generation platform
- FinanceGPTgenerative artificial intelligence platform for financial services, analysis and research
- EMUgenerative AI
Assistants & agents 68
- Geminiartificial intelligence chatbot developed by Google
- Siriintelligent personal assistant on various Apple devices
- Claude DuetAnthropic’s proactive personal agent: it works in connected apps on a cloud computer and returns briefs, files and approval requests. Launched as an invitation-only US Pro and Max research preview in October 2026.
- Google Assistantintelligent personal assistant
- Amazon Alexavirtual assistant service
- Google Nowintelligent personal assistant
- Bixbyvirtual assistant developed by Samsung Electronics
- OpenClawopen-source autonomous AI assistant software
- Character.aiAmerican neural language model chatbot service
- AlisaRussian intelligent personal assistant software
- Ernie Botchatbot developed by Baidu
- Taychatterbot made by Microsoft
- S Voiceintelligent personal assistant
- Cleverbotweb application
- You.comprivate search engine
- Office Assistantintelligent user interface for Microsoft Office that assisted users by way of an interactive animated character
- ManusAI agent
- Kimichatbot
- Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entityopen-source chatterbot
- Neuro-samaartificial intelligence VTuber
- Eugene Goostmanchatbot
- SimSimi2002 Application
- OpenAI Deep ResearchAI system that autonomously browses the web
- Talking Angela2012 chatbotter app
- DeepSeekA chatbot developed by DeepSeek company
- Xiaoicechatbot developed by Microsoft
- Naver ClovaAI platform by Naver
- Celia (Virtual assistant)AI virtual assistant developed by Huawei
- Microsoft Copilot for Microsoft 365assistant for several Microsoft products
- AlphaEvolveAI-powered evolutionary coding agent
- Mycrofta voice assistant that uses a natural language user interface
- PARRYearly example of a chatterbot
- Zoartificial intelligence chatbot developed by Microsoft
- Brave Leolarge language model-based chatbot
- Jabberwackychatterbot
- FreeHALBOINC based volunteer computing project
- Replikamobile app based on an AI chat bot
- Mdiscontinued virtual assistant by Facebook
- AliGenieChina open-platform intelligent personal assistant
- MarusiaRussian intelligent personal assistant software
- Voice Matepersonal assistant and knowledge navigator software
- Myadiscontinued intelligent personal assistant by Motorola
- Brainaintelligent personal assistant
- MitsukuAI chatbot
- Albert Onechatbot created by Robby Garner
- Fred ChatterbotChatterbot (AI)
- Jeeney AInatural language processing chatterbot
- Rog-O-Matic
- Xiaoweivirtual assistant from Tencent
- Sparrowchatbot by DeepMind
- Indigointelligent personal assistant
- SILVIAa core platform technology developed by Cognitive Code
- Vivintelligent personal assistant software created by the developers of Siri
- CALOartificial intelligence project funded by DARPA that inspired Apple's Siri
- SmarterChildchatbot on AOL instant messenger
- GooglyMinotaurChatbot
- Ultra Hal Assistant
- ChatBotAI chatbot software for website
- Verbal-Robotchatterbot
- Wii Fit Trainervirtual assistant character from exergame Wii Fit
- Meta AIchatbot feature of Meta Platforms products
- Assistantpersonal assistant application for mobile devices
- SGT STARUnited States Army recruitment chatbot
- HaptikIndian enterprise conversational AI platform
- Seedreaman image generation model of ByteDance in Chinese and English
- Agentforceautonomous agent platform developed by Salesforce
- LooopsAI website builder
- ChatGPT Work
Companies & labs 99
- OpenAIAmerican artificial intelligence research organization
- AdobeAmerican multinational computer software company
- DeepSeekChinese artificial intelligence company
- AnthropicAmerican artificial intelligence corporation
- Google DeepMindartificial intelligence company owned by Google
- Perplexity AIAmerican conversational search engine company
- SpaceXAIAmerican artificial intelligence and social media division of SpaceX
- GoogleGoogle division dedicated to artificial intelligence
- The Stargate ProjectAmerican multinational AI infrastructure investment joint venture
- SAS InstituteAmerican analytics and artificial intelligence company
- Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligenceinternational scientific society
- ElevenLabsAI voice technology company specializing in Speech to Text and Text to Speech.
- CyberLinkTaiwanese AI and multimedia software company
- Cerebrasbusiness
- RunwayAmerican research company
- LAIONGerman non-profit
- TextAI customer service software company
- Stability AIBritish multinational artificial intelligence company
- Inflection AIArtificial intelligence company
- Altair EngineeringAmerican Multinational Company
- Leap MotionAmerican manufacturer of computer hardware sensor devices
- Nebius GroupDutch company developing a portfolio of AI-related technology assets
- German Research Center for Artificial IntelligenceGerman research institute
- Vicariousartificial intelligence company
- SenseTimeChinese AI company
- VidbyAI-based language translator for videos
- LiveChatAI live chat software for business
- Devoteam GroupTop AI Consulting Firm in EMEA, with strong presence in Data, Cyber and Cloud. Premium award-winning partner of AWS, Google & Microsoft.
- H CompanyParis-based AI company founded by Charles Kantor
- Anysphere, Inc.American artificial intelligence software company known for the AI-native code editor, Cursor
- LovableAI based software to generate application code
- CHAIAmerican artificial intelligence corporation
- Group 42Emirati artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing company
- MaluubaCanadian technology company
- DataikuAI and data analytics software company
- LightOnFrench AI company
- AppenAustralian multinational company
- Nanosemantics LabRussian IT AI company
- Artificial Intelligence CenterAmerican computer laboratory
- Salesforce Marketing CloudCloud-based marketing and advertising tools developed by Salesforce
- Sensory, Inc.voice technology manufacturer
- Stop AIAmerican activist organization
- UpstageSouth Korean artificial intelligence company
- Arkham IntelligenceAmerican public data company
- LegatoIsraeli artificial intelligence software company
- MGX Fund Management LimitedUAE-based artificial intelligence investment company
- Harvey AIAI services for legal teams
- humainSaudi company owned by the Public Investment Fund that focuses on artificial intelligence
- Sarvam AIIndian artificial intelligence company
- Schwarz DigitsIT and digital services division of the Schwarz Group
- drive.aisubsidiary of Apple Inc.
- Element AICanadian software company
- RAIC LabsAmerican artificial intelligence company
- Utopai StudiosAI-native film and television studio
- Emosparkartificial intelligence console
- Nervana SystemsArtificial Intelligence company, next generation platform for machine learning
- Reflection AIAmerican artificial intelligence company developing open-weight foundation models
- Swift BeatAmerican defense technology company
- Holywater TechAI technology company
- TractableUK artificial intelligence company
- Cerence Inc.American multinational software company that develops artificial intelligence assistant technology primarily for automobiles
- RotimaticRobotics company
- Preferred Networkscomputing and network technology company from Tokyo, Japan
- Fast.aia non-profit deep learning research group
- Phase One KarmaUkrainian IT company
- Prisma Labscompany that owns apps that generate images using artificial intelligence
- RespeecherUkrainian software company
- Cognition AIAmerican artificial intelligence company
- IruAmerican technology company based in Coral Gables, Florida
- Aliceisraeli-American cybersecurity firm
- Elomia Healtha mental health technology company
- BrighterionNorth American business software company
- Coherent SolutionsCustom software development company specializing in digital product engineering and AI software development services, including consulting, implementation, and ML Ops for operational efficiency and predictive maintenance.
- Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp
- Worknetsoftware company developing customer-facing AI agents for sales, success, and support
- GoodData.AIAmerican software company developing a platform for AI agents, analytics and decision intelligence
- Body Labssoftware company acquired by Amazon
- Wonder DynamicsAmerican VFX company
- PhotomyneIsraeli technology company
- K HealthAI primary care company
- SambaNova SystemsAmerican artificial intelligence hardware and software company
- PippitAI creative agent for content creation, developed by ByteDance
- Integris ITAmerican managed IT services provider
- Forethought TechnologiesAmerican artificial intelligence company in San Francisco, California.
- TypewiseSwiss AI customer service software company
- Systems LtdIT company
- HiveAmerican company
- Netomicompany
- Active Intelligence Pte Ltdprivate fintech company
- Yalochatartificial intelligence platform
- FacultyBritish technology company based in London
- Hypergiant IndustriesAustin based technology company
- LILTAmerican multinational company
- DRESSXAI software company for fashion e-commerce
- neuroflashGerman AI company providing tools for AI content generation, synthetic respondents, and digital twin-based market research
- Dataminrartificial intelligence platform for event and risk detection
- Veritone Inc.US business; artificial intelligence tech company based in Costa Mesa, California, founded in 2014
- C3.aibusiness
- Figure EightAmerican multinational software company
People 219
- Larry EllisonAmerican internet entrepreneur and businessman (born 1944)
- Geoffrey HintonBritish-Canadian computer scientist and psychologist
- John McCarthyAmerican computer scientist and cognitive scientist (1927-2011)
- Marvin MinskyAmerican cognitive scientist (1927-2016)
- Demis HassabisBritish artificial intelligence researcher (born 1976)
- John HopfieldAmerican scientist (born 1933)
- Lila TretikovRussian–American engineer, manager and former executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation
- Andreas KaplanGerman economist, dean, university rector; higher education expert; edtech; social media; artificial intelligence
- Jensen HuangAmerican entrepreneur and businessman; co-founder and CEO of Nvidia
- Felix RiesebergSoftware engineer and author of the October 2026 essay How to be more ambitious: A tutorial for humans with models, which describes speed, altitude, depth and range.
- Katie BoumanAmerican engineer and computer scientist
- Lotfi A. ZadehAmerican electrical engineer and computer scientist (1921–2017)
- Yann LeCunAmerican-French computer scientist (born 1960)
- Fei-Fei LiAmerican computer scientist
- Mira MuratiAlbanian-American business executive (born 1988)
- Yoshua BengioCanadian computer scientist (born 1964)
- Robin Libillionaire businessman and entrepreneur
- Raj ReddyIndian-American computer scientist
- Daphne KollerIsraeli-American computer scientist
- Dario AmodeiCEO and co-founder of Anthropic
- Edward FeigenbaumAmerican computer scientist (born 1936)
- Stuart J. RussellBritish computer scientist (1962-)
- Timnit Gebrucomputer scientist, specialising in AI ethics
- Andrej KarpathySlovakian-Canadian AI researcher (born 1986)
- Eliezer YudkowskyAmerican AI researcher and writer (born 1979)
- Lex FridmanAmerican computer scientist and podcaster
- Kai-Fu LeeTaiwanese businessman
- Kevin WarwickBritish robotics and cybernetics researcher
- Ilya SutskeverCanadian-Israeli AI researcher
- Hubert DreyfusAmerican philosopher (1929–2017)
- Arthur SamuelAmerican computer scientist (1901–1990)
- Ruzena BajcsyAmerican computer scientist
- John Henry HollandUS university professor ,American scientist (1929–2015)
- Richard S. SuttonCanadian computer scientist
- Rodney BrooksAustralian roboticist
- Terry WinogradAmerican professor
- Andrew BartoProfessor of computer science
- Ian GoodfellowAmerican scientist, author
- Kate CrawfordAustralian researcher
- Vladimir VapnikRussian-American mathematician (born 1936)
- Jeff DeanAmerican computer scientist
- Georgy Adelson-VelskyRussian mathematician (1922–2014)
- Jürgen SchmidhuberGerman computer scientist and artificial intelligence researcher
- Douglas B. LenatAmerican entrepreneur and researcher in artificial intelligence
- Daniela Amodeipresident and co-founder of Anthropic
- Wojciech ZarembaPolish mathematician and computer scientist
- Ben Goertzelauthor and researcher in the field of Artificial Intelligence
- Sara van de GeerDutch statistician
- Sebastian ThrunGerman-American entrepreneur (born 1967)
- Roger SchankAmerican scientist (1946–2023)
- Rose Dieng KuntzSenegalese computer scientist (1956–2008)
- Marietje SchaakeDutch politician and non-profit CEO
- Mustafa SuleymanBritish entrepreneur (born 1984)
- Jeannette WingAmerican computer scientist
- Gary MarcusAmerican psycholinguist
- Donald MichieBritish artificial intelligence researcher (1923–2007)
- Leon van der TorreDutch logician and computer scientist
- Stanley OsherAmerican mathematician
- Christopher M. Bishopscientist at Microsoft Research Cambridge and Professor of Computer Science at the University of Edinburgh
- Nils John NilssonAmerican computer scientist and AI researcher (1933-2019)
- Andy ClarkBritish philosopher
- Patrick WinstonAmerican computer scientist (1943-2019)
- Regina BarzilayIsraeli-American computer scientist and university teacher (born 1970)
- David UsherCanadian musician, author, entrepreneur, and keynote speaker on AI and creativity
- Roman YampolskiyLatvian computer scientist (born 1979)
- Rumman ChowdhuryUS data scientist, AI specialist
- Alex KrizhevskyCanadian machine learning scientist
- Anima AnandkumarIndian-American computer scientist
- Ivan M. HavelCzech scientist (1938-2021)
- Kate DevlinBritish computer scientist, AI specialist
- Barbara J. GroszAmerican computer scientist
- Jerry KaplanAmerican computer scientist
- Nuria OliverSpanish computer scientist
- Suchir BalajiAmerican artificial intelligence researcher (1998–2024)
- Michael I. JordanAmerican computer scientist, University of California, Berkeley
- Sabina JeschkeGerman mechanical engineer
- Daniel G. BobrowAmerican computer scientist (1935-2017)
- François CholletFrench machine learning researcher
- David CopeAmerican composer and scientist
- Richard WallaceAmerican computer programmer
- Jonathan SchaefferCanadian computer scientist
- Bart KoskoAmerican academic
- Alice RecoqueFrench computer scientist and artificial intelligence specialist
- Bernardo KastrupDutch computer scientist and philosopher
- Sarit KrausIsraeli computer scientist
- Katia SycaraGreek-American computer scientist
- John F. Sowaartificial intelligence researcher
- Hugo de GarisAustralian AI researcher
- James F. AllenAmerican computational linguist
- Wolfgang WahlsterGerman artificial intelligence researcher
- Ariel FernándezArgentine biophysicist
- David LevyBritish chess player (1945-)
- Catherine D'IgnazioAmerican academic (born 1975)
- Shane Leggmachine learning researcher
- Amparo Alonso BetanzosSpanish professor and researcher
- Solange GhernaoutiSwiss academic, international expert in cybersecurity and cyber defence
- Carme TorrasCatalan mathematician and computer scientist
- Quoc Viet Lemachine learning researcher
- Zoubin GhahramaniBritish intelligence researcher
- Raquel Urtasunprofessor at the University of Toronto
- Peter BühlmannSwiss mathematical statistician
- Pieter Abbeelmachine learning researcher at UC Berkeley
- Harold CohenEnglish painter and computer artist, active in the United States (1928–2016)
- Isabelle GuyonFrench-born researcher in machine learning
- Earl Busby HuntAmerican psychologist
- Gordon PlotkinScottish computer scientist
- Lucy SuchmanAmerican anthropologist (1951-)
- David Waltzcomputer scientist (1943–2012)
- Mihai NadinRomanian computer scientist
- Nigel ShadboltPrinicipal of Jesus College, Oxford; Professor of Computer Science; Chairman of the Open Data Institute
- Rasim Alguliyevresearcher
- Ronen EldanIsraeli mathematician and theoretical physicist
- Toby WalshBritish artificial intelligence researcher
- Martin FordAmerican futurist and author on AI and robotics
- Adji Bousso DiengSenegalese computer scientist
- Deborah Washington BrownUS computer scientist and speech recognition researcher
- David M. BleiAmerican artificial intelligence researcher
- Tomaso PoggioItalian-American physicist (born 1947)
- Alexander GorbanRussian mathematician
- Noel SharkeyBritish computer scientist and Robot Wars judge
- Avrim BlumAmerican computer scientist
- Bernhard SchölkopfGerman computer scientist
- John UrschelCanadian mathematician and gridiron football player (born 1991)
- Tom M. Mitchellcomputer scientist
- Paul Jorionanthropologist, sociologist, writer
- Thomas SiebelAmerican businessman
- Deborah L. McGuinnessAmerican computer scientist, professor
- Jitendra MalikIndian computer vision researcher
- Marcus HutterGerman AI researcher and computer scientist
- Pamela McCorduckAmerican writer (1940–2021)
- Tetiana TaranUkrainian mathematician (1946–2007)
- Andrew BlakeBritish researcher in computer vision
- Ruslan Salakhutdinovcomputer scientist
- Chris Olahartificial intelligence researcher
- Lenka ZdeborováCzech physicist and computer scientist
- Jill P. MesirovAmerican mathematician, computer scientist, and computational biologist
- Carla GomesPortuguese-American computer scientist
- Joëlle PineauCanadian computer scientist
- Jacy Reese AnthisAmerican social scientist
- Yoav ShohamIsraeli-American computer scientist
- Zygmunt VetulaniPolish computational linguist
- Louis B. RosenbergAmerican engineer, computer scientist, writer, and inventor
- Meredith Broussarddata journalism professor
- Joscha Bachcognitive scientist
- Aleksandra PrzegalińskaPolish futurist
- Pedro Domingosprofessor of machine learning
- Carme ArtigasSpanish politician and businessperson
- Klaus Peter JantkeGerman mathematician, computer scientist, university teacher and academic researcher focusing on Artificial intelligence, Educational technology, Game studies and gamification
- Nello CristianiniItalian computer scientist (born 1968)
- Josef TeichmannAustrian mathematician
- Klaus-Robert MüllerGerman computer scientist
- Rachel WardAmerican mathematician
- Luc SteelsArtificial Intelligence scientist, research director
- Mehran SahamiIranian computer scientist
- Yonina EldarIsraeli academic and engineer
- Robert Hecht-NielsenAmerican computer scientist (1947–2019)
- Ronald J. BrachmanAmerican artificial intelligence researcher
- Andrey KorotkovRussian politician (1954–2012)
- Bertram RaphaelAmerican computer scientist
- Pietro PeronaItalian-American computer scientist
- Sanghamitra BandyopadhyayIndian computer scientist and computational biologist (born 1968)
- Jeremy EnglandAmerican physicist and rabbi
- Eric P. XingAmerican artificial intelligence researcher
- Daniela WittenAmerican biostatistician
- Janusz KacprzykPolish researcher in computational intelligence
- Laurence DevillersFrench computer scientist
- Steve OmohundroAmerican scientist
- Ulrike SattlerComputer Scientist
- Virginia Dignumcomputer scientist and artificial intelligence researcher
- Vera DembergProfessor of Computer Science and Computational Linguistics
- Abiodun Musa AibinuVice Chancellor of Summit University in Offa, Nigeria
- Marek KowalkiewiczPolish-Australian computer scientist
- Jixian WangChinese video blogger and computer engineer from Ukraine
- Paul ChristianoAmerican artificial intelligence researcher
- Kristen GraumanAmerican computer vision and machine learning researcher
- Francesco Petruccioneresearcher, ORCID id # 0000-0002-8604-0913
- Aude BillardSwiss physicist
- Diederik P. Kingmaresearch scientist
- Sepp HochreiterGerman computer scientist
- Cordelia Schmidcomputer vision researcher
- Max Wellingresearcher
- Pushpak BhattacharyyaComputer scientist
- Pierre ColletFrench physicist
- Claes H. de VreeseDanish communication scholar
- Danny KopecAmerican-Canadian chess player
- Lawrence J. FogelAmerican computer scientist
- Peter E. HartAmerican computer scientist
- Peter Leecomputer scientist, Microsoft
- Petr HájekCzech logician and mathematician (1940–2016)
- Alexander BrudnoRussian mathematician (1918-2009)
- Yorick WilksBritish computer scientist (1939-2023)
- Adam CheyerAmerican computer scientist
- Rita CucchiaraItalian computer scientist (1965-)
- Sheena Lovia BoatengGhanaian woman academian
- Richard SocherGerman computer scientist and AI researcher
- Yaser Abu-MostafaEgyptian-American computer scientist
- Nikolaus CorrellGerman roboticist and researcher
- Yangsheng XuFounding President of CUHK-Shenzhen
- Hod LipsonAmerican roboticist
- John E. LairdAmerican computer scientist
- Sven KoenigGerman computer scientist
- Timo HonkelaFinnish computer scientist and professor (1962–2020)
- Karina Gibert i Oliverasresearcher
- Alex Pappachen JamesIndian machine learning researcher
- Clark GlymourAmerican logician
- Howard FriedmanAmerican statistician
- Jacek ŻuradaPolish computer scientist
- Jun LiuChinese-American mathematician and statistician
- Léon BottouFrench mathematician and computer scientist
- Michael L. LittmanAmerican computer scientist
- Nir FriedmanIsraeli bioinformatician
- Reza ZadehCanadian-Iranian computer scientist
- Zachary LiptonAmerican researcher
- Ryszard S. MichalskiPolish - American computer scientist (1937-2007)
- Alec RadfordAmerican machine learning researcher/developer
- Song-Chun ZhuChinese mathematician (born 1968)
- Mona SinghProfessor of Computer Science at Princeton University
- Markus Reichsteinresearcher
- Jacques PitratFrench artificial intelligence scientist (1934–2019)
Concepts & methods 110
- machine learningscientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to perform tasks without explicit instructions
- deep learningspecialized form of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks to identify patterns in data
- genetic algorithmcompetitive algorithm for searching a problem space
- Altitude, depth and rangeFelix Rieseberg’s framework for ambition with AI models: speed repeats work faster, altitude targets outcomes, depth uses expert instruments and range combines disciplines.
- Outcome-based promptingAsking an AI agent to pursue a specified change for a user or system, with evidence and boundaries, instead of merely producing a named deliverable.
- AI outside judgeAn acceptance check outside an agent’s self-assessment, such as a deterministic test, held-out evaluation, measurement or separately briefed reviewer.
- Multidisciplinary agent reviewA workflow in which specialist passes apply distinct methods and produce concrete evidence, rather than merely imitate expert personas.
- Prompt injectionAn attempt to make an AI system follow instructions embedded in untrusted material such as email, documents or websites instead of the authorized user’s task.
- Accessibility testingEvaluation of digital accessibility through automated checks, knowledgeable manual assessment and research with people with different access needs. Conformance evaluation and usability research provide complementary evidence.
- AI data retentionThe rules governing which AI inputs, outputs, logs and derived records remain in a system, for what purpose, and for how long. Not using data for training does not mean that it is not stored.
- Zero data retentionA provider arrangement limiting storage of eligible AI request content, subject to approval, feature coverage and documented exceptions. It does not remove records retained by the customer's own application.
- Agent evaluationRepeatable testing of an AI agent's complete task, tool use, permissions and final system state against explicit acceptance criteria. A successful demo is not a production reliability estimate.
- European Accessibility ActEU Directive 2019/882, applying from 28 June 2025, requiring listed products and services sold to EU consumers, including e-commerce, banking, e-books and transport booking, to be accessible.
- WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines)The W3C's testable accessibility standard for web content, organised around perceivable, operable, understandable and robust; version 2.2 is the current recommendation.
- ARIA live regionsPage areas marked with aria-live so screen readers announce their changes; the standard way to announce chat replies and status messages without moving focus.
- AI training-data consentWhether and how a company asks users before using their data to train or improve AI models; shaped by the FTC's 2024 warning on retroactive terms changes and GDPR's right to object.
- AI task time horizonMETR's measure of the length of task, in human working time, that a model completes with 50% reliability; about one hour for frontier models in March 2025, doubling roughly every seven months.
- Global Privacy Control (GPC)A browser signal (the Sec-GPC: 1 header and navigator.globalPrivacyControl) telling sites not to sell or share the visitor's data; a legally valid opt-out in about a dozen US states.
- Usage-based and hybrid pricingCharging by work done (actions, credits, minutes), or a platform fee plus usage, rather than per seat; the fastest-growing SaaS pricing shapes as AI adds a real cost to every action.
- supervised learningmachine learning task of learning a function that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs
- reinforcement learningtype of machine learning where an agent learns how to behave in an environment by performing actions and receiving rewards or penalties in return, aiming to maximize the cumulative reward over time
- linear regressionstatistical approach for modeling the relationship between a scalar dependent variable and one or more explanatory variables
- transformermachine-learning model architecture first developed by Google Brain
- unsupervised learningmachine learning technique
- pattern recognitionbranch of machine learning
- recurrent neural networkclass of artificial neural network where connections between units form a directed graph along a temporal sequence
- generative adversarial networkdeep learning method in which two neural networks compete with each other in a game, learning to generate new data with the same statistics as the training set
- chemometricsscience of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means
- connectionismapproach in cognitive science that hopes to explain mental phenomena using artificial neural networks
- autoencoderneural network that learns efficient data encoding in an unsupervised manner
- automated reasoningsubfield of computer science and logic
- self-organizing mapmachine learning technique useful for dimensionality reduction
- decision tree learningalgorithm that recursively splits data on attributes to build a tree for classification or regression
- autoregressive modelrepresentation of a type of random process
- self-supervised learningclass of machine learning techniques in which a task is solved based on pseudo-labels which help initialize weights the weight, then the actual task is performed with supervised or unsupervised learning
- transfer learningresearch problem in machine learning (ML) that focuses on storing knowledge gained while solving one problem and applying it to a different but related problem
- feedforward neural networkartificial neural network in which connections between the nodes do not form a cycle
- quantum machine learningQuantum Machine Learning combines quantum computing and ML to enhance algorithms, leveraging unique quantum properties, like superposition and entanglement , for efficient problem-solving.
- ensemble learningin machine learning, the use of multiple algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone
- feature learninga set of techniques that learn a feature: a transformation of raw data input to a representation that can be effectively exploited in machine learning tasks
- AlexNettype of convolutional neural network
- online machine learninga method where a model is trained incrementally on data as it becomes available, in contrast to batch learning where the entire dataset is used at once
- federated learningmethod for artificial intelligence
- cognitive architectureblueprint for intelligent agents
- adversarial machine learningmachine learning technique that attempts to prevent models being fooled by supplying deceptive input
- knowledge distillationmachine learning method to transfer knowledge from a large model to a smaller one
- multimodal learningmachine learning combining different information resources, such as images and text
- graph neural networkspecialized artificial neural networks that are designed for tasks whose inputs are graphs
- residual neural networktype of artificial neural network
- spiking neural networkartificial neural network that mimics real neurons
- sequence-to-sequence learningfamily of machine learning approaches
- physics-informed neural networksinnovative technique to solve partial differential equations
- extreme learning machinetype of artificial neural network
- automated machine learningprocess of automating the end-to-end process of machine learning
- structured predictionsupervised machine learning techniques
- lazy learningtype of machine learning method
- quantum neural networkcomputational neural network model based on the principles of quantum mechanics
- echo state networkrecurrent neural network with a sparsely connected hidden layer
- zero-shot learningproblem setup in machine learning, where at test time, a learner observes samples from classes that were not observed during training, and needs to predict the class they belong to
- radial basis function networkan artificial neural network that uses radial basis functions as activation functions
- deep belief networktype of artificial neural network
- neural Turing machineneural network with external memory
- meta-learningsubfield of machine learning where automatic learning algorithms are applied to metadata about machine learning experiments
- ADALINEearly single-layer artificial neural network
- hierarchical temporal memorybiological theory of intelligence
- time delay neural networkmultilayer artificial neural network that classifies patterns with shift-invariance and models context at each layer of the network
- incremental learningmethod of machine learning
- LeNet-5type of convolutional neural network
- machine learning in physicsapplications of machine learning to quantum physics
- Neocognitrontype of artificial neural network
- rule-based machine learningmachine learning methods that try to develop rules that are to be applied in particular contexts
- liquid state machinetype of artificial neural network
- nonlinear dimensionality reductionsummary of algorithms for nonlinear dimensionality reduction
- robot learningmachine learning for robots
- cellular neural networkparallel computing paradigm similar to neural networks, with the difference that communication is allowed between neighbouring units only
- differentiable neural computerartificial neural network architecture
- few-shot learningmachine learning approach that enables a system to learn new tasks or recognize new objects from only a few examples or demonstrations
- multi-task learningform of machine learning where a model learns multiple tasks
- one-shot learningobject categorization problem that aims to learn information about object categories from one training sample
- Optical neural networkphysical implementation of an artificial neural network with optical components
- stochastic neural networktype of artificial neural network
- machine learning in video gamesuse of machine learning in video games
- eager learninglearning method used in developing artificial intelligence
- machine unlearningfield of study in artificial intelligence that aims to give machines the ability to "forget" learned information
- image recognitionimage identification made by artificial intelligence
- modular neural networktype of neural network
- cerebellar model articulation controllertype of artifical neural network
- machine learning in bioinformaticsSoftware for understanding biological data
- neural fielda neural field is a type of neural network that models a mathematical field in a continuous and differentiable way
- Thompson samplingheuristic for choosing actions that addresses the exploration-exploitation dilemma in the multi-armed bandit problem
- multiple kernel learningmachine learning methods that use a predefined set of kernels and learn an optimal linear or non-linear combination of kernels as part of the algorithm
- preference learningSubfield of machine learning
- statistical relational learningsubdiscipline of artificial intelligence
- Causal AIdevelopment of artificial intelligence
- explanation-based learningform of machine learning
- compositional pattern-producing networkvariation of artificial neural networks that have an architecture whose evolution is guided by genetic algorithms
- M-Theorylearning framework inspired by feed-forward processing in the ventral stream of visual cortex and originally developed for recognition and classification of objects in visual scenes
- neural operatormachine learning framework
- Kolmogorov-Arnold Networkstype of artificial neural network architecture
- deep neural networkartificial neural network with more than one hidden layer
- TinyMLarea of machine learning that focuses on deploying and running models on low-power, resource-constrained embedded systems such as microcontrollers and edge devices
- Helmholtz machinetype of artificial neural network
- pulse-coupled network
- offline machine learningmethod of machine learning
- Bayesian confidence propagation neural networkartificial neural network
- connectionist expert systemartificial neural network based expert systems where the ANN generates inferencing rules e.g., fuzzy-multi layer perceptron where linguistic and natural form of inputs are used
- modern Hopfield Networkneural networks
- Receptronneuromorphic data-processing model
- Early-exit networkclass of dynamic neutral networks
- graph convolutional networkspecial artificial neural network that can handle graphs
AI hardware 2
Search engines 35
- Google Searchsearch engine by Google LLC
- Microsoft Bingweb search engine from Microsoft
- YandexRussian technology company
- BaiduChinese web services company
- DuckDuckGoprivacy-focused online search engine
- Google Newsnews aggregator and app developed by Google
- Ecosiaweb search engine and browser
- Brave Searchprivacy-focused search engine
- QwantEuropean search engine
- Startpage.comprivacy-focused online search engine
- Brenda Vasquezsearch engine
- Yahoo! Searchweb search engine by Yahoo!
- Ramblerweb search engine
- Skyscanneronline travel company
- Google Patentssearch engine from Google indexing patents and patent applications
- Yandex Searchweb search engine owned by Yandex
- Google Programmable Search Engineplatform for creating custom search engines based on Google Search
- ChatGPT Searchsearch engine by OpenAI
- Blacklewebsite powered by Google Custom Search
- Searxmetasearch engine
- TinEyereverse image search engine
- Kagiweb search engine
- AI Modefeature of Google Search
- Wikia Searchdefunct free and open-source web search engine by Wikia
- Mojeekweb search engine
- WikiwixInternet search engine and web archive for French Wikipedia
- Dragonflyprototype Internet search engine to comply with Chinese censorship requirements
- JustWatchfilm and television guide and database
- Sosoformer Chinese search engine
- BASEacademic search engine
- gooJapanese internet search engine and web portal
- Gigablastweb search engine
- Openversesearch engine for open content
- ChaChahuman-guided search engine
- blekkoweb search engine
Agent tooling & protocols 26
- Claude CodeAnthropic's agentic coding tool that reads a codebase, edits files, runs commands and verifies its work from the terminal, IDE or web.
- agent-html-kitAn open-source template kit and Claude Code skill (kit.js) that lets agents emit content-only HTML components while design lives in one shared file, published with a 72-run HTML vs Markdown benchmark.
- CLAUDE.mdA Markdown file of standing instructions that Claude Code loads at the start of every session, at user, project and folder level.
- Karpathy-inspired CLAUDE.md rulesA widely starred public CLAUDE.md with four behaviour rules: think before coding, simplicity first, surgical changes and goal-driven execution.
- AGENTS.mdAn open, tool-neutral Markdown convention for giving coding agents project instructions, introduced by OpenAI in August 2025 and now stewarded by the Linux Foundation's Agentic AI Foundation.
- Claude Code hooksShell commands that Claude Code runs automatically at lifecycle events such as before or after a tool call, so rules can be enforced by code rather than requested in prose.
- Claude Code subagentsSpecialised agents with their own instructions, tools and context window that the main Claude Code session can delegate tasks to.
- Model Context Protocol (MCP)An open protocol, introduced by Anthropic in November 2024, that standardises how AI applications connect to external tools and data sources.
- Agent2Agent (A2A) protocolAn open protocol, launched by Google in April 2025, for agents from different vendors to discover each other and exchange tasks.
- Agent Payments Protocol (AP2)Google's open protocol, announced in September 2025, for agents to make payments on a user's behalf using signed mandates.
- Agentic Commerce Protocol (ACP)An open standard from OpenAI and Stripe, announced in September 2025, that lets AI agents complete purchases with merchants, first used for Instant Checkout in ChatGPT.
- llms.txtA proposed convention, published by Jeremy Howard in September 2024, for a Markdown file at a site's root that tells language models what the site is and where to read more.
- robots.txtThe Robots Exclusion Protocol file that tells crawlers, including AI crawlers such as GPTBot and ClaudeBot, which paths they may fetch; standardised as RFC 9309 in 2022.
- Codex CLIOpenAI's open-source coding agent that runs in the terminal, released in April 2025.
- CursorAn AI-first code editor built on VS Code by Anysphere, with agent mode, codebase indexing and project rules.
- GitHub CopilotGitHub's AI pair programmer, launched in 2021, now including chat, code review and a cloud coding agent.
- Gemini CLIGoogle's open-source terminal agent for Gemini models, released in June 2025.
- Claude Code slash commandsBuilt-in and custom commands typed with a leading slash in Claude Code, such as /init to draft a CLAUDE.md or project-defined commands stored as Markdown.
- Plan modeA Claude Code mode in which the agent researches and proposes a plan without editing files until the user approves.
- Git worktrees for parallel agentsUsing git worktree to give each coding agent its own checkout of the same repository, so parallel sessions don't overwrite each other.
- PlaywrightMicrosoft's open-source browser automation framework, widely used by coding agents to verify web interfaces end to end.
- LangGraphLangChain's open-source framework for building stateful, multi-step agent workflows as graphs.
- OpenAI Agents SDKOpenAI's open-source framework, released in March 2025, for building multi-agent workflows with handoffs, guardrails and tracing.
- Claude Agent SDKAnthropic's SDK that exposes the agent harness behind Claude Code so developers can build their own agents.
- Content Credentials (C2PA)An open standard from the Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity for attaching signed provenance information to media files.
- Schema.orgA shared vocabulary for structured data, founded in 2011 by Google, Microsoft, Yahoo and Yandex, that search engines and AI systems use to understand pages.
Agent skills 9
- Agent SkillsFolders of instructions, scripts and resources that Claude loads on demand when a task matches the skill's description, introduced by Anthropic in October 2025.
- PDF skillAn Anthropic-published Agent Skill for reading, extracting from, filling and creating PDF documents.
- Excel (xlsx) skillAn Anthropic-published Agent Skill for creating and editing spreadsheets with formulas, formatting and charts.
- Word (docx) skillAn Anthropic-published Agent Skill for creating and editing Word documents, including tracked changes and comments.
- PowerPoint (pptx) skillAn Anthropic-published Agent Skill for building and editing slide decks.
- Frontend design skillAn Anthropic-published Agent Skill that steers Claude away from generic interfaces toward distinctive, production-grade front-end design.
- Skill creatorAn Anthropic-published Agent Skill that guides the writing, testing and packaging of new skills.
- MCP builder skillAn Anthropic-published Agent Skill for designing and building Model Context Protocol servers.
- Web app testing skillAn Anthropic-published Agent Skill for testing local web applications with Playwright.
Tasks: what AI is used for 12
- AI for software developmentUsing language models and coding agents to write, refactor, test and review code.
- AI for researchUsing AI systems to search, read and synthesise sources into cited answers.
- AI for writing and editingUsing language models to draft, restructure and edit text.
- AI for image generationCreating and editing images from text prompts.
- AI for speech and voiceConverting speech to text, text to speech and cloning voices.
- AI search visibility (AEO / GEO)Making a business understandable and citable by AI answer engines.
- AI for customer supportAssistants that answer customer questions and help human agents resolve tickets.
- AI agents for business automationAgents that take actions across tools, from filing tickets to placing orders.
- Agentic commerceAI agents that discover, compare and buy products for a user.
- AI for data analysisUsing models to query, clean and chart data.
- AI for documents and slidesGenerating and editing PDFs, Word documents and slide decks.
- AI for testing and QAAgents that write tests and drive browsers to verify behaviour.
File formats 6
- Markdown (.md)A plain-text formatting syntax that renders to HTML; the default format for agent instructions, plans and READMEs because it is cheap to generate, easy to diff and readable unrendered.
- HTML (.html)The markup language of the web. For agent output it gives people a designed, interactive page, at a token cost that depends on whether the agent re-invents the design each run.
- CSS (.css)Style sheets for HTML. In agent-generated pages it is most of the token bill, which is why template kits move it into one shared file.
- SVG (.svg)XML-based vector graphics. Hand-drawing diagrams in SVG forces a model to reason about coordinates, which can cost thousands of thinking tokens per diagram.
- JSON (.json)A data-interchange format; the usual shape for agent tool calls, structured outputs and configuration such as Claude Code settings.
- YAML (.yaml)A human-readable data format used for configuration and for the front matter at the top of Agent Skills' SKILL.md files.